Hello,
I have an 80 litre tank that I use for molly fry. I originally had the typical artifical resin coated material as substrate.. the typical stuff that the LFS stock that is roughly cubic in shape. At this time, my fry death rate was about 5% or so. After a while I noticed that some of the fry were looking for food by exploring the voids in the artifical substrate. Some of them were getting trapped and were dying.
This was discovered on a Sunday afternoon and the only stuff that I could get in a hurry was play sand. The tank was fully stripped down and the substrate replaced with (cleaned) sand. All was well for about a year, with the mortality rate down to zero.
All of a sudden, I started to notice the occasional dead fry at the bottom of the tank. The death rate increased over the next two weeks approaching 10% or so a week. All water tests showed 0% ammonia, 0% nitrite and 5% nitrate. Massive water changes only seemed to slow the losses. In desperation, I fully stripped the tank down again and took a water sample from the lowest point possible in the tank.
The ammonia levels were off the scale! The stink when I disturbed the sand was unbelievable..
All change time.. I now use small natural gravel for all of my tanks. I learnt the hard way that a sand substrate has to be regularly turned so that the problems above don't occur.
I didn't do this as the tank is heavily planted, in conjunction with a large area of moss coverage. I can only conclude that the fry were being poisoned while looking for food at the bottom of the tank.
The mortality rate is now back to zero and all water parameters are stable.
Get stirring!
Bodge99