hi, like fishgeek said, they are used on marine aquaria and large comercial systems. they used to be vary popular on marine tanks but like trickle filters, they are "going out of fassion" so to speak. basically imagin two tubes inside one another. the inner being about 1" and the outer being about 6". there is a bottom and a lid glued on to this with the inner tube stopping about half an inch short of the base. water is pumped down the inner tube and rises up the outer tube. there is some sand in the outer tube with lifts and fluidises with the upward current which has to be regulater as not to lose the sand out of the top and to make sure it actually fluidises. hope this helps.