Yes, there are many types of exotic filters that go beyond what we usually talk about in the beginners section. There are "wet/dry" filters which add an area of biological media that uses some method to expose the bacteria to both tank water and air, thus allowing a much larger gas exchange to the biofilm the bateria are living in. These filters can be useful for specialized tanks, often ones that support overstocked numbers of large cichlids and other fish. Its generally overkill and not necessarily recommended for normal community tanks that beginners are trying to learn on and it can have some down sides in terms of being easier to kill the bacteria.
The next larger volume type of filter after an external cannister is the "sump" filter. Often a sump filter is simply another fish tank, sitting below the tank inside the tank cabinet and converted into a filter. There is an "overflow" or other method of getting tank water down to the sump and then a pump to lift the filtered water back to the tank. Often the pump is like a little motor sitting right down in the water in the sump. Sump filters can have huge volumes of media and usually have several pieces of glass to direct the water through a specified path. Versions of these for salt water get even more complicated and there are types called refugium that even harbor plants and are lighted.
Sumps can either involve outside "overflows" to bring the water down or can be "drilled out," possibly receiving the water from an internal overflow or weir. A drilled out tank has holes in the tank and matching stand (usually) to bring hoses directly down to the cabinet equipment. These are pretty common with large marine setups.
~~waterdrop~~