There are many types, and I am no expert. But bassically they are like sumps, tanks under your tank, They will have plants in them and all sorts of critters. BUt they work on a oppisite timmer to your day lights so that basically you have constant daylight in your tank which helps keep the Ph stable, the also help remove other elements aswell. I'm sure some-1 has a more scientific answer though. But there are other types i dunno if they are called refugiums but they are refuge tanks for housing small delicate creatures thats would normally get eaten or killed in your main tank, and they are plumbed into your main tank and share the same water