It sounds like a bacterial bloom but you must have done something to knock out the filter bacteria and not adding dechlorinator seems the most likely cause. Otherwise it may have been that the temperature or pH of the new water was drastically different to the tank water. Without a test kit you are in a fix because you can't tell whether the tap water is significantly different to the tank water for some reason. It may be that the pipes are being cleaned by the water authority but, again, without a test kit there's no way to tell and doing another water change may make things worse.
Add some dechlorinator to the tank, enough for the whole volume and make sure you are aerating the tank as best you can, either by making sure the filter output is agitating the water surface and/or using a bubble stone. Without some water parameters I can't really help any further.