I just use 3 sponges in my Aquaclear HOB filters. The sponges trap dirt and gunk and hold plenty of beneficial bacteria.
You can use carbon (black granules) if you want to remove chemicals from the water. However, it will remove plant fertiliser and medication so if you want to grow plants or treat the fish, then remove the carbon.
White ceramic beads (round things with a hole in) are used to hold bacteria but don't hold a lot of gunk. I don't bother using them because a sponge will hold bacteria and trap the gunk.
Ammogon (white granulated substance about the size of aquarium gravel) is used to absorb ammonia from the water. It is good in quarantine tanks or if you get fish and don't have an established filter for them. For normal tank use you do not want to use it as it prevents the filter bacteria from developing. (I don't know if they still provide you with Ammogon when you buy an Aquaclear HOB filter).
You might find the only difference between the Aquaclear 20 & 30 is the number of blades on the impellor in the motor. I think they have the same size sponges and filter casing. You could go up to the bigger models like a 50 or 70. I use an Aquaclear70 on my mini marine tank. The tank is 18x14x12 inches.