You could have an under gravel filter as these sometimes come from a powerhead in the corner which is attached to the glass with suckers connected to the filter plates to a spray bar at the top of the tank. If you can I would suggest replacing with a proper internal like a Fluval 2 or 3 depending on the size of your tank, or a proper external, but I can't really reccomend any more as I don't know how big your tank is. Have you got any info, tank size, make, model, and filter type and make and model if you can find out.
In short you can't turn the filter off for any length of time without risking bacteria dying off and causing a mini cycle. You'll have to find some other way of making it quiter. Also you can't be sure that you'll remember to turn the filter back on every day or if you have it on a timer that it will start reliably time after time. It really needs to run continuously.