If/when we do sufficient routine partial water changes to maintain and ensure high water quality, plants will need some modest fertilizer along with sufficient light intensity/duration in order to do well. Like your fish, plants need food.
Now some tanks may not have sufficient lighting to support some rooted plants, but nearly all tanks will support fast growing floating plants that are near the light. Also many slow growing plants with rhizomes like java fern and anubias will do well in lower light...while most "carpet" plants will fail.
It is a hobby myth that plants do well in 'dirty' water as like fish, plants do best in clean water.
The beauty of live plants is that they convert nutrients (aka pollution) into plant tissue that we eventually remove by trimming. However, fish food and fish/plant waste can't really support them well. I know, adding fertilizer seems counter productive, but a little fertilizer goes a long way to supporting plants that use ammonia (and other 'stuff') as their food source.
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As to the tiny bubbles, I'll confess that I'm confused. I have several sponge filters and none of them produce tiny bubbles? Having 'said' that, air bubbles are not harmful to fish. I once had a bubble wall on one side of a tank and some fish seemed to love to 'ride' up and down in the bubble stream. Like a ride at Disney Land.
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As to plants in gravel, you may need 1-2" to support rooted plants, but as previously mentioned, plants can live fine in gravel...in some cases, much better than in some very fine sands. Still, a tank can look quite nice with java moss, java fern, anubias (attached to wood or rock), and floating plants...with only a very thin layer of gravel (no rooted plants).