Well considering Ski has already started one thread, I thought id move it over so the others can be removed, you only need one thread mate!
Filter media is the term applied to media which sits in a mechanical filter, such as Floss, Wool, Noodles, Carbon, Sponge and so forth.
Cycling can be accomplished by Live Rock, and this method is generally considered the best approach. Live rock will also act as your filter, so you dont need to add any form of mechanical filtration (ie. external or internal filters). You only need some internal powerheads, aiming for around 20x total tank volume turnover.
What kind of LR is up to you (im referring here to origin), but the most beneficial to new tanks without skimmers etc would be "Fully Cured". "Base Rock" holds little life, and will not look as aesthetically pleasing. "Dead Rock" also holds no filtration capacity. "Un-cured liverock" will hold organisms that will die through shipping, and its preferable not to have this in your tank to start with. A general rule of 1lb/1gallon is recommended, but as close to that as you can get should be ok.
If your new, id recommend you start reading the Stickies, or "Pinned" topics at the top of the "Marine, Reef and Chit Chat forum.