Black furniture has nothing to do with creating dust, you just see it easier on dark furniture.
Most dust in houses is from dead skin cells that flake off people and land on things. Clothing is particularly bad and if you wear a T-shirt to bed at night, the dead skin gets rubbed off and settles in the clothing. If you take the shirt outside the following day and shake it, you will see a cloud of dust come off it.
The second reason houses get dusty is from dust being blown around outside. I live near the coast and the sea breeze blows huge amounts of dust over everything and it leaves a layer of fine dust that needs to be removed every couple of days. Unfortunately lots of stupid people around here spray herbicide and that leaves a residue behind that also gets blown around, and that is toxic.
As to which dust is toxic and which isn't. If the dust is toxic to people and animals it will be toxic to fish. The same deal if it causes irritation to us, then it is better to keep it out of the tank.