That's BBA (Black Brush Algae.) One of the known causes of BBA are high CO2 fluctuations. A common cause of high CO2 fluctuation can be large water changes that come directly from the tap, where CO2 is in higher concentration from the pipe pressure. But there can be other causes for CO2 fluctuations. Another thing about BBA is that it often occurs in the higher flow areas of your circulation. Some find that making an effort to turn the BBA covered gravel grains down under during a gravel clean will help.
~~waterdrop~~