Yes, clown loaches are prone to this disease. No, whitespot won't kill your fish if you treat it promptly.
(Incidentally, it's often said loaches are prone to whitespot because they have "no scales"; this isn't true, they have scales, just small ones, on the sides and back. Only the belly is scaleless, and this isn't where the whitespot is confined, so the connection seems, to me, to be erroneous.)
Anyway, it's difficult to avoid whitespot when introducing new fish because the parasites probably came from the fish shop. Quarantining fish for a few weeks is often recommened to stop whitespot (or whatever) spreading to other fish, though hardly any hobbyists do it. In lieu of that, get a whitespot treatment from your local aquarium shop. Check that it is safe with loaches. There's some discussion as to whether copper-based medications harm loaches. Copper is toxic to the parasite, that's how it kills it, but it is also toxic to some fish. There is a useful summary
here.
You absolutely, 100%, MUST remove charcoal before using any medication. I've written a
guide to filter media for beginners elsewhere on this site. It will explain why you need to remove the carbon. If you don't, the medicine won't work, and your fish will remain ill.
In most aquaria, carbon is unnecessary. It's something retailers like aquarists to buy without actually thinking about what it is for. It solves very specific problems, and is totally redundant in a properly managed freshwater aquarium.
Cheers,
Neale