Hi Charlton,
It sounds like removing the carbon sponge has been your un-doing. In the Juwel filters the carbon sponge has a large proportion of the volume of the total biological media (unfortunately the bacteria don't do as they are told and they colonise the carbon sponge too). This being the case, removing the carbon sponge will have removed a good portion of your bacteria, hence your nitrite spike.
The filter bacteria multiply at around 100% per day, so the nitrite spike should be short lived. As colin says, cut back feeding meantime and counter the nitrite with large water changes. The good news is that you probably had an ammonia spike too which your filter took care of before you even noticed, and you've had no deaths.
Keep an eye on ammonia and nitrite for around 7 days to be sure, and do water changes as required to keep both levels below 0.25. I reckon your filter should catch up within 24 - 48 hours.
With regard to removing the carbon, i suggest that it's the right thing to do. Carbon will usually become exhausted in anything from a few days to around 6 weeks depending on the concentration of pollutants to be removed. After this time, the carbon can leach chemicals back into the water so it is important to replace it regularly if you use it. This all costs money (Juwel are rubbing their hands together here) and is an unnecessary expense. Again, to back up Colin, carbon isn't usually required for day-to-day filtration and is most useful after medication.
The long and short of it is basically that carbon won't remove anything that a good water change routine can't, and a good water change routine has many many more benefits.
Hope this helps you.
Cheers
BTT