In theory, with a perfectly balanced ecosystem running in the tank, a water change could be as infrequent as monthly, or even longer.
It would all depend on the contents of the tank, including not only numbers of critters, but activity and stress levels.
My tanks are well stocked and stress levels must be relatively low, because it appears that I only need to change 20% on a weekly basis and even then, that is just out of habit...my ammonia and nitrites remain a constant zero and my nitrates are negligible.
It is because it's a habit that I do it and I really should try and leave it for longer between water changes, especially given the static nature of my water.
I suppose I'm also aware that the watery environments in the wild are always subject to changes more frequently, whether its through flowing waters or by rainfall...or both.