Columnaris is a possibility, but it may be fungus which will attack an open wound (I'll come back to this). Given the circumstances I would suggest a thorough cleaning (with bleach) of the tank (empty), and replace the substrate and all filter media as these cannot be reliably cleaned if disease is suspected. Substrate (gravel or sand) and filter media will absorb everything, including bleach, and these cannot be rinsed sufficiently. However, having said that, it is also possible that the issue here was just cycling of the 20g, which causes severe stress and fish often become aggressive as it is their own way to combat the frustration. Giving everything a good clean with hot water would suffice.
Read the cycling articles on this forum. They will explain this issue.
Now to some real issues, involving your choice of fish. The fungus on the chinese algae eater may have occurred if the fish was nipped, which is something for which Tiger Barbs are notorious. But the real issue here is fish that will not work in small tanks, and a 20 gallon is small for these fish. Forget the Chinese Algae Eater, they grow to six inches, won't eat algae as they mature, and often (if not always) get very nasty.
Tiger Barb need a large group, no less than eight but ten or more is recommended, and this group needs no less than a 30 gallon tank, to themselves. In smaller groups, or smaller tanks, they can become even more aggressive. There are better fish for your 20g tank.
Gourami are sedate fish and should never be combined with active swimmers, like barbs. Plus, the sedateness of the gourami makes it a prime target for fish that like to fin nip anyway, like the barbs. I don't know the species of gourami...some get very large and can be nasty. The honey Gourami is a good choice for a 20g tank, in a pair (male/female) or a trio of one male and two female. Male gourami are territorial, though this species is one of the more peaceful. The dwarf gourami I would forget, as these can carry incurable disease and are not worth the risk.
If you eventually decide on gourami again, after cycling, some suitable tankmates would be the rasbora, or some of the quieter peaceful tetras (some are anything but peaceful with gourami). Rasbora and tewtra are shoaling fish, meaning they must have a group, minimum usually six but depending upon the species a couple more would be better in most cases. So this will fill out a 20g tank.
Byron.