Hi Dan
When you changed your filter, did you keep any of the old mature media to put into the new filter? Or did you just literally take the old filter out, put the new filter in and switch it on etc?
If the latter, then, yes, you would have thrown your tank into a recycle with fish in - which isn't good if you have a full stock of fish in an uncycled tank...
They will be suffering the effects of shock from levels of ammonia/nitrite that will be creeping up daily, plus possible PH shock from the 50% water change.
Rather than remove your fish and dumping them into your friends tank, why not ask them if you can have a portion of their mature filter media to quickly add into yours? I know you will still have an issue with your tank stats for a while but something is better than nothing, at least it will give it a real kickstart into action as the bacteria multiply. The higher levels of good bacteria the less ammonia and therefore less water changes.
For now, though, you will need to be doing daily water changes of about 15-25% - but do test the water at your earliest opportunity, using a liquid test kit as you may need to do larger water changes depending on the amount of ammonia showing up.
When you have your stats, let us know what they are and that will help guide you a bit more.
Unfortunately, with fish-in cycles (with a full stock of fish) there are more than likely to be fish deaths or illness at some point or other.
Regards, Athena