here is a simple diagram for how to connect the LEDs up phillips321...
once you've stepped it down from the mains to about 12 volts by using a mains adaptor (they call them wall-warts in the US I think) it's pretty safe to play with (school stuff as you say) but still wouldn't do your fish any good to have stray electricity in the water so take care (common sense anyway I know).
I would wire the LEDs in parallel, that way if one blows the others will still work. Also, if it was wired in series then there would be a voltage drop across each one in the chain, meaning that they would get dimmer as they go along.
The resistors could go on the positive/anode end (as shown above) or could go the other side on the negative/cathode end. On the LED, the shorter leg is the cathode and the longer leg the anode. I would recommend heat shrink tubing or something over the soldered connections to protect from condensation.
I looked into doing this myself a little while ago but decided that it was cheaper the buy the ready made moonlight kits sold on ebay, which I will be doing soon.
Don't know about UV ones.
Mizuri Ami - I think it depends on what the voltage of the christmas lights are, and what there light output etc is as to whether they are better than LEDs. you could buy some LEDs knowing those things. Christmas tree lights, if 12V and gave a suitable light level, then yeah, they may well be easier because they are already wired.