Airstones create surface agitation which enables gas exchange. A filter powerhead that breaks the surface of the water does the same job, usually much more efficiently. Airstones' primary benefit is to make the aquarium look pretty, as the increased gas exchange requirements that come from high temperatures, medications or overstocking, are usually better taken care of with a powerhead agitating the surface. Gas exchange via bubbles in the water column (ie before the bubbles break the surface) is comparatively low, whereas disturbing the water surface creates gas exchange across the entire water surface.