Questions like this are wonderful, so easy to ask, but so difficult to give a single, correct answer. So much "depends"!!! It makes you think.
Generally, a good quality T8 with a good electronic starter will give more light per Watt then a similar quality T12 on a ballast. They also tend to hold their output better for longer and can save energy.
Another factor is the spectrum. A lot of T8's have a wider spectrum then a semi-equivalent T12, i.e. they tend to have a better CRI value, which is better for a planted tank.
I am not considering quality differences, a cheap and nasty lamp of either size will be out performed by a good lamp.
Rough example, both are 4 foot lamps,
GE - SPX50 32 Watt T8 - 2800 Lumens with a CRI of 86
GE - DaylightU 40 Watt T12 - 3050 Lumens with a CRI of 75
The SPX50 delivers 87.5 Lumens/Watt, the DaylightUltra 76.25 Lumens/Watt. The SPX50 delivering a better quality light.
Now, that said, if you are limited to a single lamp, you will get more light out of a T12 then a T8 because it uses more power for the same length.
For planted tanks where light is a premium, the ability to fit more lamps into the same sized hood is a factor of course. A T8 takes up less space than a T12 so you can put more in.
Some lamp types are not available in both sizes, so if you want a lamp of temperature X spectrum Y and CRI Z and it is only available as a T8 - the point is moot.
There are other layers of complexity to this question!!