If you have an undergravel filter there is no need to worry about disturbing the bacteria in the HOB as you have plenty in your gravel. If you're getting stuff on your filter floss in your HOB say within a week I'd rinse it off every week or so. Its just whenever it gets dirty and starts impeding flow, etc.
As far as running carbon that is debated among fish keepers. Some say it serves no purpose and others say their fish are happier with it in the filter. I myself run carbon and am happy because of my very clear water and I have less algae issues than I've ever had.
In fact, my water is so crystal clear with the carbon running, I don't have to put any filter floss in my Eheim filter at all.
Oh, and about replacing the carbon. According to how much you have running as opposed to your fish load. I run a good bit but I still change mine every month.